NBEO Human Development Practice Exam

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which is the most common subjective method used to measure visual acuity in infants?
• Vernier acuity reaches adult levels by approximately which age?
• Which column corresponds to equal input from both eyes in a normally developed histogram?
• Which statement best describes the window of high plasticity for binocular vision in humans?
• Which embryologic event marks the beginning of lens formation?
• Besides cataracts, which biochemical change is implicated in reduced dark adaptation in older adults?
• Which Piaget stage is characterized by the development of symbolic thinking and pretend play?
• Which zone remains avascular in early retinal development?
• Which gaze direction would be most challenging in aging?
• Which type of acuity is described as the ability to detect misalignment of two lines and is considered a hyperacuity?
• Corneal epithelium originates from which germ layer?
• Why is the cornea avascular and how is this achieved developmentally?
• Which layer of the optic cup gives rise to the neural retina?
• By about 3.5 years old, which two shapes are among those commonly drawn?
• Which syndrome is characterized by coloboma and choanal atresia?
• Which test is used to measure visual perception with potential motor involvement and is widely used in development?
• Which development factor is crucial for retinal vascularization?
• The retina and retinal pigment epithelium originate from which parts of the optic cup?
• Which congenital infection is classically associated with cataracts?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a visual-spatial skill?
• Isotretinoin exposure during pregnancy can cause which ocular malformations?
• Which of the following is a visual attention and processing skills test?
• Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic input to the iris sphincter during pupillary constriction?
• What is the first stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?
• Which statement is true about torsional amblyopia in relation to the major refractive amblyopia types?
• What forms the inner limiting membrane of the retina?
• What term describes the ability to discriminate, recognize, and interpret visual stimuli?
• The lens develops from which embryonic structure?
• From which germ layer does the lens placode originate?
• At the end of the sensorimotor stage, a child demonstrates which concept, understanding that an object exists even when out of sight?
• Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the pupil?
• Which congenital infection classically causes cataracts, retinopathy, and microphthalmia?
• For the Plantar grasp reflex, will toes curl upwards or downwards when the plantar surface is touched?
• During lens development, which statement correctly describes the fate of the posterior cells of the lens vesicle?
• Reflexes including the plantar grasp, palmar grasp, and rooting reflex should go away by which age?
• Which shape is typically the hardest for a child to draw by approximately five years of age?
• Tritan color vision defect corresponds to which deficiency?
• Which factor plays a central role in regulating retinal angiogenesis and vessel pruning?
• Which structures in the anterior chamber angle are neural crest-derived?
• Which statement best describes a neural crest–derived component of the anterior segment?
• Color vision is fully mature by approximately which age range?
• Which test is motor-free assessment of visual perception?
• Which statement best describes FPCL testing in infancy?
• Cloquet's canal is formed after regression of which embryonic structure?
• Which period of time is the most sensitive to visual development in humans?
• Outline the sequence of lens formation starting from surface ectoderm to the final lens fibers.
• In aging, decreased dark adaptation is due to cataracts and which rhodopsin-related change?
• Approximately what percent of patients over the age of 85 have hearing loss?
• Which fetal vascular structure supplies the lens and primary vitreous and typically regresses?
• Which ocular structures are primarily derived from neural crest?
• Which statement best explains why the cornea remains avascular during development?
• Which Piaget stage is characterized by the emergence of logical thought about concrete objects and events?
• Are premature newborns more likely to have a myopic or hyperopic refractive error?
• Spatial visual acuity using FPCL methods is approximately what Snellen value by 1 year of age?
• Which shape is typically drawn earliest by children?
• Iris stroma and ciliary body stroma are derived from which embryonic tissue?
• Neural crest-derived mesenchyme contributes to which ocular structures?
• The average refractive error in full-term newborns is approximately what value?
• Which two factors are the main contributors to decreased dark adaptation in elderly?
• Among eye movements, which is usually the most difficult for elderly patients?
• What is the origin of the corneal endothelium?
• The corneal endothelium maintains corneal clarity by regulating which parameter?
• _____ is the ability to attend to and recognize certain sounds and is closely tied to hearing.
• Thalidomide exposure has been linked to which ocular anomalies?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical rubella ocular manifestation?
• During lens development, which process forms secondary lens fibers postnatally?
• If embryonic fissure closure fails completely in the eye, which anomaly can result?
• Which of the following is NOT a reason why visual acuity is poor until age 3–5 years?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of FCPL acuity?
• Visual-spatial skills should be mastered by approximately which age?
• CHARGE syndrome is commonly associated with which ocular finding?
• What is the first postnatal age range when stereopsis (depth perception) typically emerges?
• Which tissue contributes to scleral formation?
• Which testing method is typically used to assess infant acuity using a forced-choice looking paradigm?
• Around what age do toddlers typically begin to display secondary emotions such as shame?
• Corneal stroma originates from which embryonic tissue?
• By age 4 years, which single shape is a child typically able to draw?
• Which stage allows abstract reasoning?
• The trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal originate from which embryonic tissue?
• What is the threshold for FCPL testing such as Teller Acuity Cards?
• To be considered amblyogenic, strabismus must be constant and unilateral.
• For a normally developed ocular dominance histogram, what does Column 1 represent?
• Which testing method is objective and relies on electrophysiological responses rather than infant behavior?
• By about 12 months of age, FPCL methods typically yield acuity around which Snellen value?
• Which refractive amblyopia has the greatest risk of developing amblyopia?
• The primary vitreous originates from which tissue?
• For 20/20 vision in infants measured by subjective testing, what is the typical age?
• The fovea forms in Mid-gestation; High-acuity vision matures by about 3–5 years. Which option best reflects this statement?
• What is the embryologic origin of the corneal stroma?
• _____ is the ability to produce and organize sounds into meaningful sentences.
• Which tissue contributes to scleral formation?
• A strabismus must be Constant and Unilateral in order for it to be considered an amblyogenic factor.
• Isotretinoin teratogenicity is associated with which ocular finding?
• Which column would indicate input from the ipsilateral eye only in a normally developed histogram?
• Which retinal layer contains photoreceptor cell bodies?
• Myelination of the optic nerve begins when?
• Accommodation reaches adult levels by approximately how many months of age?
• Which process forms the lens vesicle during lens development?
• Which of the following is NOT used to test visual perception skills?
• Stereopsis typically does not appear until approximately ___________ months after birth.
• Which acuity type is designed to test fine spatial alignment rather than resolution of detail?
• By age 4, which shape is NOT typically drawn by a child?
• For a normally developed ocular dominance histogram, what does Column 7 represent?
• Which of the following is a test that is used to screen for dementia?
• Anisometropic amblyopia occurs when there is a difference in refractive error between the two eyes.
• The retina originates from which germ layer?
• In language development, which term describes the ability to understand spoken language?
• The formation of the tear drainage system involves canalization of which groove?
• Coloboma results from incomplete closure of which embryologic structure?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 major types of refractive amblyopia?
• Which genes besides PAX6 are implicated in anterior segment dysgenesis (e.g., FOXC1, PITX2)?
• Which statement about the visual pathway development is true in infancy?
• Which structure forms Cloquet's canal after regression of the vitreous system?
• During which weeks does optic fissure closure normally occur?
• Isometropic amblyopia occurs when both eyes have the same refractive error.
• In lens development, what is the initial thickening of surface ectoderm called?
• Which cells contribute to maturation of secondary vitreous postnatally?
• Which embryologic tissue gives rise to the corneal endothelium?
• In infancy, divergence develops before convergence. True or false?
• Which statement correctly assigns acuity chart type to chart?
• Which factor is NOT a main contributor to decreased dark adaptation in the elderly?
• Which pair correctly states the average axial length for full-term newborns and adults?
• Which region of the lens vesicle forms the primary lens fibers?
• Which of the following starts to develop the latest after birth?
• In a normally developed histogram, which column would indicate input from the contralateral eye only?
• Which gene is associated with renal coloboma syndrome presenting with optic nerve coloboma?
• Do infants have a large or small depth of focus?
• At approximately what age does color vision begin to mature in infancy?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between aging and hair cell deterioration?
• Which gaze direction is typically most difficult for elderly patients?
• Which option most accurately summarizes the two main causes of decreased dark adaptation in older adults?
• In an ocular dominance histogram, which pair of columns would be most likely to show the strongest combined representation in alternating strabismus?
• On an ocular dominance histogram, which column has equal input from each eye?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a visual motor integration test?
• The outer layer of the optic cup forms which tissue?
• Which visual function reaches adult levels earliest after birth?
• Which newborn reflex is most directly associated with feeding?
• What is the typical time course for the formation and fusion of the eyelids?
• Which ocular structure arises from neural crest–derived mesenchyme and contributes to the anterior segment?
• Which of the following decreases in elderly patients?
• Which of the following reaches adult levels the latest in life?
• Which of the following reaches adult levels the soonest after birth?
• What can a child typically draw at age 3 years?
• What is the most common FCPL method used in infants up to 12 months?
• The posterior region of the lens vesicle gives rise to which structure?
• Which gene mutation is classically associated with congenital aniridia?
• Fixation, saccades, and pursuits reach adult levels by approximately how many months of age?
• Which of the following does NOT typically contribute to hearing loss in an elderly patient?
• When is high-acuity vision usually mature?
• Lacrimal gland development originates from which embryonic tissue?
• The tissues that form the ciliary body and iris stroma are derived from which embryologic origin?
• Persistent fetal vasculature results from failure of regression of which structure?
• Which develops first in infants: divergence or convergence?
• Nuclear sclerosis on color vision is most likely to produce which defect?
• Which sign is indicated by the fanning out of the toes after an infant's foot is stroked?
• Which pigment's decreased formation contributes to decreased dark adaptation in older adults?
• Which test measures resolution acuity and is commonly used with infants?
• Which stage do children first show egocentrism and centration?
• Which of the following is NOT an example of a recognition acuity chart used for toddlers?
• The fovea forms embryologically around which period?
• What forms the secondary vitreous postnatally?
• At what age have infants been shown to achieve 20/20 vision with pattern VEP testing (an objective measure)?
• Nuclear sclerosis cataracts can cause color vision changes; which defect is reported?
• In language development, which term describes the ability to produce and express language?
• From birth to adulthood, the axial length increases by about how many millimeters?
• Which Piaget stage follows the Pre-operational stage?
• Which developmental screening tool is widely used for children from birth to 6 years?
• OKN may be abnormal in infants due to incomplete development of the cortex?
• Nuclear sclerosis cataracts are associated with which color vision defect in the elderly?
• Color vision is usually adult like in infants by approximately which age?
• Which tissue is the embryologic origin of the corneal stroma?
• The optic nerve is formed by axons of which retinal cells?
• Which statement about neural crest derivatives in the eye is true?
• Newborns are more likely to have which type of astigmatism?
• In elderly patients, refractive error shifts toward which astigmatism pattern?
• Pupillary light reflex is typically present at birth and is mediated by which neural pathways?
• Coloboma results from failure of closure of which embryologic structure?
• Nuclear sclerosis cataracts in older adults typically cause which refractive change?
• Which term describes the integration of visual information with motor responses?